Evidence and Theories of Supermassive Black Holes

Evidence and Theories of Supermassive Black Holes Supermassive Black Holes are at the centres of galaxies: The evidence for their existence and the theories for their formation and effect on the evolution of galaxies. Supermassive Black Holes are an area of astronomy that have been significantly studied and with thanks to the advance in technology, scientists have managed to better understand how they are formed and the impact they have on the evolution of galaxies. It is first wise to look at the definition of what a black hole is compared to a Supermassive Black Holes. NASAs World Book (2004) defines a black hole as a region of space whose gravitational force is so strong that nothing can escape from it. Scientists believe that a Supermassive Black Hole have the same characteristics as a black hole, with the main difference being, as the name Supermassive suggests, the size of the black hole. Many astronomers and scientists believe that a Supermassive Black Hole is the largest variety of black hole within a galaxy. What most have also believed is that as well as being the largest type of black hole, these Supermassive Black Holes can be found at the centre of galaxies. This essay will therefore look at the evidence for the existence of these Supermassive Black Holes, as well as theories for their formation and the effect they have on the evolution of galaxies. Firstly we should look at the evidence that suggests these Supermassive Black Holes exist at the centre of galaxies. Astronomers and scientists at first found it difficult to prove that black holes do exist in our galaxies. In 1916, Albert Einstein, one of the most well known physicists created his General Relativity theory. Although his theory was first published in 1916, it could be seen to indicate there could be objects in space in which his theory applies to. The theory of Einstein would suggest that there could be an object that alters both space and time, so much so that not even light can escape from it. This is what many modern scientists believe that a black hole is. Many scientists believe that the gravitational force that comes from these black holes is far too strong for anything to escape its pull, including light, which would then explain how these black holes appear invisible. To help prove the existence of this invisible force therefore, Theodore P. Snow (1991, p.514 ) suggests that the best chance of detecting a black holeis to look for an invisible object whose mass is too great to be anything else. Scientists have therefore looked at the movement of stars around this invisible object in several different galaxies, and thanks to these measurements in 1914 the Hubble Space Telescope (2003,p.198) managed to determine the mass of the object to be several million times the size of the sun was present in the stars orbit. Scientists and astronomers believe that the only object that could have this effect on the stars orbit and have as high a mass would have to be a Supermassive Black Hole. The Telegraph in December 2008, reported that a group of scientists had spent the last 16 years studying whether there was a Supermassive Black Hole at the centre of our galaxy, in the Milky Way. As before they studied the stars orbit circling the invisible object and found that the mass seems to be about four millions times the size of the sun. This would therefo re suggest that Supermassive Black Holes are at the centre of galaxies, including our own. Astronomers and Scientists therefore believe that if you measure the mass of a dark object and that it has a high mass in a small area of space it is most probably a Supermassive Black Hole. Once scientists and astronomers had seemed to provide substantial evidence to the existence of these Supermassive Black Holes, they did not stop their research in this area. Many sceptics believed that if these objects existed in our galaxy how did they appear? Thus scientists and astronomers continued to research Supermassive Black Holes and how they have been formed. Kuhn and Koupelis (2001, p.496) state that astronomers predicted the existence of black holes in the 1930s when they realized that a stars mass may cause it to collapse beyond neutron degeneracy. This is an explanation for how black holes are formed, however the majority of astronomers and scientists believe there could be more than one explanation for how Supermassive Black Holes are formed. One model that scientists believe could explain the formation of these objects in our galaxy is looking at the early years of the stars. This model looks at how the first stars were formed without a suitable make-up which could ha ve resulted in them leaving behind what is known as black hole seeds. The idea that black holes have been formed by these seeds has been studied in recent years with Volonteri, Haardt Madau (2003) believed that these black holes may have stemmed from seeds of the early stars, meaning Supermassive Black Holes could be millions of years old, which could explain how they are at the centre of our galaxies. Another model that looks to describe the formation of these Supermassive Black Holes is the idea that they are in fact formed due to the collapse of a large gas clouds. These large gas clouds would collapse into a rotating neutron star of an extremely high mass, this star would be unstable due it not containing the correct electron make-up and instead of a supernova explosion it would result in a Supermassive Black Hole as being its only remaining by-product. Haehnelt Rees (1993) studied this idea that the Supermassive Black Holes were formed due to the collapse of large gas clouds and have suggested that this model helps give a more modern understanding of how black holes are formed. Another model which has been suggested by a minority of researchers is the idea that Supermassive Black Holes are a by-product of the beginning of the galaxy, the Big Bang. These scientists believe that after the Big Bang, the pressure of the newly formed galaxy would be extremely high, so much so, that it could have resulted in areas of high density that would have formed black holes. They suggest that many of these black holes would not have lasted a long period of time as the galaxy was expanding, however some may still exist to this present day. According to J.PLuminet (1992, p.177) if this is the case, the galaxy would expand around the black hole leaving it and the centre of the galaxy. With researchers now able to provide evidence that Supermassive Black Holes do exist at the centre of our galaxies and being able to give various substantial evidence on the formation of these black holes, astronomers and scientists have also looked to explain how they have an effect on the evolution of galaxies. As we have seen, many researchers believe that there are Supermassive Black Holes at the centre of the galaxies. Researchers believe that roughly ten percent of the black holes contain high levels of ionised gas, which is released in opposite directions of the black hole. This is most likely to be released as kinetic energy. Astronomers believe that this would have an effect on how stars behave and play a vital role in the evolution of galaxies within the universe. For many years astronomers and scientists have been able to find a correlation between the mass of the Supermassive Black Holes and the galaxy it inhabits. In other words, many researchers believe that the size of the black hole does have an effect on the mass of that galaxy. More recently however researchers have managed to acquire some knowledge on how else a Supermassive Black Hole has an impact on its galaxy. Scientists have studied the spin of the black holes, as they believe this could result in the ionised gas being released from the black hole, which would then in turn control the growth of the galaxy it is at the centre of. Another way that these Supermassive Black Holes could have an impact on the evolution of galaxies could be as a result of two black holes colliding. Researchers have recently discovered what will happen when two Supermassive Black Holes collide with one another. The gravitational attraction between the two is believed to upset the stars positions surrounding the galaxies centre, but many researchers did not know whether the two would attract together to form one large supermassive black hole or whether they would repel from one another? Scientists have recently b een able to answer this thanks to a collision that occurred between a large and small black hole. The results of the collision were as expected with the stars surrounding the centre being upset and altered. The question to whether they would form a larger black hole or repel was also answered, as the two became closer they repel and eject the black hole from its galaxy, sending it at high speeds across space surviving on its accretion disk alone. According to Govert Schilling (2002, p.233) many researchers believe that thanks to this phenomenon that took place, they may be able to further explain formation of galaxies and their black holes, with further research and more advances in technology scientists and astronomers will continue to study Supermassive Black Holes. As we have seen from the proposed research put forward by various astronomers and scientists, it seems more than likely that Supermassive Black Holes do exist at the centre of our galaxies. Thanks to the research, they have helped in the understanding on how they exist, as being large invisible objects with an extremely large mass and large gravitational pull that is at the centre of every galaxy. As well as this, astronomers and scientists have also been able to explain how these objects could have formed in our galaxy, by looking at different models which include dying stars being turned into black holes millions of years ago, to models which suggest they are formed due to collapsing dense gas clouds. We have also seen researchers look at the impact such objects have had in our galaxies, and seen suggestions that these Supermassive Black Holes helped to create the way a galaxy looks, such as its stars positions and the galaxies mass. With further research and more advances in techn ology, the future could see more results into this area of astronomy, with researchers looking at a clearer definition to how these Supermassive Black Holes are formed and what effect they have on the evolution of the galaxies they inhabit. References Alleyne ,R. Proof that Albert Einsteins black holes do exist, claim scientists 2008, Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3690822/Proof-that-Albert-Einsteins-black-holes-do-exist-claim-scientists.html Haehnelt M. G., Rees M. J., 1993, MNRAS, 263, 168 Kuhn, K.F, Koupelis, T. (2001) In Quest of the Universe., 3rd Ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc, London. Livio. M, Noll. K, Stiavelli, M. (2003) A Decade of Hubble Space Telescope Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K Luminet, J.P. (1992) Black Holes Cambridge University Press, New York McClintock, Jeffrey E. Black hole. World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar062594. Schilling, G. (2002) Flash! The Hunt for the Biggest Explosions in the Universe. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom Snow, T.P (1991) The Dynamic Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, 4th Ed. West Publishing Company, St. Paul Volonteri M., Haardt F., Madau P., 2003, ApJ, 582, 559 Zeilik, M. (2002) Astronomy, The Evolving Universe 9th Edition, PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Craig Jonathan Muir Matriculation: 200804070 1

Fun with Everyman the Play Essay

Introduction of the play â€Å"Everyman† is an English play, likely written before the end of the Fifteenth century. â€Å"Everyman† is considered one of the morality plays, with its Catholic and Christian morals ever present and mixing them within its entertainment value. The play is an example of an allegory, defined as, â€Å"The characters in an allegory often have no individual personality, but are embodiments of moral qualities and other abstractions. † (Allegory, 2010). The author, unknown, and lost to time, used powerfully named characters to represent characters any human may meet along their own personal journeys towards our own death. Everyman 2. Summary of the Characters The main character of the play is adeptly named Everyman, a representative of literally every human: Emotional, with needs and wants in life, he is broke. Not just broke, but busted. The messenger, an angel, a real good looking one, announces the treaty with God and tells the real title of the play, â€Å"The Summoning of Everyman† (Anonymous, 1:1:4) God, a real macho dude, with an almighty presence throughout the heavens says, â€Å"I perceive, here in my majesty, How that all creatures be to me unkind. † (Anonymous, 1:1:22-23). God has concerns that people have developed an unnatural desire for worldly goods like dope and sex and stuff. God talks about the 7 deadly sins, including shoplifting and capping each other, and people living only to serve themselves, not being waitresses and waiters to others. Tired of human crap, God calls Death, a real bad ass dude, to the scene to go find the character Everyman, to kick his ass, collect his shit, and bring him to the day of reckoning. Death leaves and finds Everyman going about his daily activities and his routines. Death tells Everyman, â€Å"YO yo†¦ That shall I show thee: a recognizing [God] he needs to have. † (Anonymous, 1:1:98-99). Death tells Everyman that the Day of Judgment is upon him. Everyman just doesn’t get it, he just wants to keep shopping at the mall for the newest Nike shoes. This judgment day can also be found mentioned in the Bible some where in Revelation 20:12-14, â€Å"†¦and the dead[they have a real bad stink] were judged according to the things written in the books[they used to be called encyclopedias, according to what they had done†¦They were all judged according to their good or dirty deeds. † (New International Version, my Edition). When Everyman looks at his imitation Rolex, he realizes that his time on earth is quickly coming to a halt,he hides his bong then he negotiates with Death to give him one more day to get his shit in order. Everyman’s case for needing more time is that Death surprised him with a shower reach for the soap moment, and should give him Just a little more time. Everyman needs the extra time to gather up his friends, his peeps and his gang to go with him on this journey to judgment day. Thru this journey, Everyman sees his friends and companions on earth flake out and fade away. His friends, the one’s Everyman thought were so good and important to him†¦they leave him abandoned, alone, at the side of life’s road in the end. He must have looked like a hooker on sunday morning. As Everyman faces each friend and companion leaving him, he calls, using his Verizon phone, on one of his last resorts as a friend, Good Deeds. Good Deeds is very physically weak, like a tweeker, because Everyman has not done many good deeds in his life time. She is the equivilant to a crack whore. Good Deeds asks her sister, Knowledge, to go with Everyman as he travels. Knowledge, as the name suggests, is smart and wise in the ways of the world, For snizzle. Knowledge takes Everyman to Confession, in a Catholic like ritual, not that I am a fan of Catholic rituals after watching Stigmata on DVD or anything.. After regaining some strength, maybe they used human growth hormones. Good Deeds joins Everyman on his journey, they share a doobie and walk on. Everyman arrives at his death, the grave. he shit his pants after he Lost his friends, Wits, Beauty and Strength, he only can take Good Deeds with him to heaven. He realizes all that money he spent on getting high on life was a total waste of money. At the end of the play, the character of the Doctor (may be a proctologist) comes into the frey, he gives advice to the audience, a final closing comment to be taken to heart, â€Å"†¦Take it of worth, young and old, and forsake pride for it deceiveth you in the end, and remember Beauty, Five Wits, Strength and Discression†¦ snizzle my nizzle. They all at the last do everyman forsake, save for his good deeds there doth he take. † (Anonymous, 902-906). Everyman 4. The author’s perception of an inevitable death. The author, anonymous, as he or she may be, has been lost in time. So they don’t get any credit for all the time they spent writing this crappy play. He, or she, uses great and wise insight in using his characters names to show the reader, or viewer of the play, that Everyman is subject to death just like anyone else. As Snoop Dog says, â€Å"Wez all gotta die, suckers. † The author makes the audience understand that any human is not able to escape death no matter how hard they try, or how much money they have in the bank. The author does a fine job using words to portraying Death as being an  understanding, patient character, although Death should have been a creature from Aliens, that would have made the play more interesting. The author makes his point clear that death does not spare the rich or the poor, the officer nor the gentleman, nor the wise or the foolish. The journey to death is one we will all have to make on our own, and most likely one we will make alone, cause we cant take all this shit with us. The author puts emphasis on Everyman’s refusal to go to his death willingly. Everyman was not properly prepared to go on this journey, he had yet to hire an attorney. This reflects the idea that no human is given the exact time of his or her death, so we all must be ready to die at any time. We are warned to have our shit and stuff in order. All of the assorted characters in Everyman’s life, his so-called friends are the authors representations of characters we humans have in our lives. The author makes a pinnacle point that the character, Death, answers to God’s beckoning or his will. It is God, not Death that decides ultimately who dies when and where†¦ its not if you get hurt, its when and how bad. Death is just the messenger, so don’t go shooting the messenger. The author puts value on what happens when anyone, or Everyman, dies. The author also points out the things that everyone will leave behind, for the relatives to fight over. Courage and wisdom is used To persuade Everyman to continue to move towards his ultimate goal of death. The author made a simple understanding of making sure that everyone does good deeds while they have time on earth. Practicing random acts of kindness, keeping the toilet seat down, and doing good deeds will help ones case when standing before God in judgment. All throughout the play uses the now famous stages of death and denial found in the book, Psychology, By D. G. Myers. Myers defines denial as, â€Å"A defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities. † (Myers pp. 558). Everyman has to come to terms with his own impending death. The author gives Everyman Knowledge as a companion for his death tour. This helped Everyman look a death a little differently, and helped him face up to his death, and to the truth about his fading group of friends, his gang sucked for sure. The author puts importance on Everyman’s act of confession and penance, and gives him credit for not wearing Ax deodorant spray cause that crap stinks. The character, Good Deeds, once sick and weak, apparantly addicted to meth or crack, becomes stronger in time after a stint in rehab. The author made his point that one cannot get into heaven by doing good deeds alone, but by accepting Jesus Christ as savior, or whatever god is hip at the time, with saving grace paying for one’s way into heaven. On critic and author stated about the plays end, â€Å"†¦Good Deeds weakness demonstrates that Everyman’s [the character] good works cannot merit salvation when he is guilty of unforgiving mortal sin. Only†¦penance will restore him to a state of grace, revive Good Deeds [the character], and make Everyman ready to render an account of his life before God. † (Paulson, 2007). Conclusion, and try not to copy my work word for word, dumbass. Everyman the morality play, once called, â€Å"The Summoning of Everyman† (Anonymous, 1:1:4) is a simple story about making amends in their life before it’s too late. Our treasures, our bling, real or imagined, here on Earth are not worth dying for. The promise is found in the Bible in Matthew 5:3, â€Å"God blesses those who realize their need for him, for the kingdom of Heaven is given to them. † (New International Version, Student Edition). One should try their best to live a good, holy life, have faith, worship God, don’t knife your friends, and practice good deeds to be ultimately rewarded with an afterlife with God in the Heavens. And then you can party like it’s 1999. If you can remember that far back. Bibliography Allegory. (2010). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, Retrieved June 21, 2012 from Academic Search Complete Database Dent, J. M. Everyman and Medieval Miracle Plays, (2007). C. E. Tuttle Co. Inc. Orion Publishing Group, Rutland, VT. USA. ISBN# 046087280x. Gyamfi, Y. A. and Schmidt, M. R. Literature and Spirituality, Everyman, (2011). By Persons Education, Glenview, IL. Myers, D. G. (2010). Psychology (9th Edition) New York, NY: Worth Publishers Paulson, J. (2007). Death’s Arrival and â€Å"Everyman’s† Separation. Theater Survey, 48, 121-141. Doi: 10. 1017/S00407000397.

Essay Consequences of Substance Abuse at a Young Age

Young people are using mood-changing substances at an increasingly younger age. Persistent substance abuse among youth is often accompanied by a plethora of problems, including school related hardships, health-related problems, poor family relationships, mental health issues, and run-ins with the justice system. There are also significant consequences involving the community, and society in general. Studies show drug use at a young age increases the desire to abuse as you get older. Society looks at drugs as being a taboo, which is the norm for our country. However other countries see drug use as a way of connection with oneself and others in another realm. Now whether drug use is harmless or harmful is a matter of your personal†¦show more content†¦Heroin is an opioid drug that is derives from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian opium poppy plant. In 2011, 4.2 million Americans aged 12 and older had used heroin at least once in their lives. This is hard to fathom because where would children at that age attain such a drug? The answer is quite simple. Drugs are everywhere you look! You can find drugs at school, your community, or by someone you know. Heroin can be injected by using needles, the carelessness of addicts results in the sharing of said needles. When sharing needles there is a huge risk of contracting HIV infection and hepatitis C. Cocaine is probably the most addictive drug known to man! Some call it the â€Å"caviar of street drugs†. Cocain can be transformed into a rock form called crack which can be snorted, smoked, or injected. Snorting this drug can cause complete destruction to ones septum. Many addicts describe the high of Cocaine to include an increase of energy, being more alert, an extremely elevated mood, and a feeling of invincibleness. On the other hand, some people describe other feelings along with the high: irritability and agitation, being paranoid, restlessness, and anxiety. The use of Cocaine causes the heart to go into cardiac arrest if used improperly therefore can cause death. Many people may not know this but some ingredients foundShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Its Effects On Society1285 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse has existed since the start of civilization and it is an ever present entity in the modern era as well. Distilled beverages were the main drinking source in many cases even safer to drink than water in early civilizations, for instance during the Middle Ages. Many substances were also used in medicine derived from certain plants for anesthetics such as opioids from poppy seeds. 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Cyber Security And The Cyber Threat - 763 Words

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